In 1838, an architect named Alessandro Della Gherardesca excavated a walkway around the tower to make the base visible once again. This story, though reported by Galileo's own student, is widely considered to be a legend. Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannon balls of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their descending speed was independent of their mass. There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower. The bell-chamber was not finally added until 1372. Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria. Another four floors were built at an angle to compensate for the tilt. In 1272, construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto. In 1198, clocks were temporarily installed on the unfinished construction. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Pisans were almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca and Florence. This means the design was flawed from the beginning. The tower first acquired a lean after the third floor was built in 1178, due to a mere three-meter foundation set in weak, unstable subsoil. His sarcophagus was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820. Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a well-known twelfth-century resident artist of Pisa, famous for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. There is controversy about the identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 meters (13.42 feet) and at the top 2.48 meters (8.14 feet). The height of the tower is 55.86 meters (183.27 feet) from the ground on the lowest side and 56.70 meters (186.02 feet) on the highest side. Today, it is still unscarred despite enduring centuries of weather and age. This first floor is surrounded by pillars with classical capitals, leaning against blind arches. Construction of the first floor of the white marble campanile began on August 9, 1173, a period of military success and prosperity. The Tower of Pisa was a work of art, performed in three stages over a period of about two hundred years. The tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shift. There is an unusual beauty and elegance to the tower, too, so much so that even were it not a leaning tower, it would attract attention as a cultural artifact. The leaning tower of Pisa leans by accident, not by design-yet it was constructed in such a way that it has resisted the pull of gravity. It amazes many observers that the tower has not given in to the law of gravity, although it is in danger of collapse. The leaning tower of Pisa is a cultural icon that perhaps symbolizes the human ability to sometimes almost defy nature. It is situated behind the cathedral and it is the third structure in Pisa's Campo dei Miracoli (“field of miracles”). The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply The Tower of Pisa ( La Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa.
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